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This classification is based on the Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life 2007 Annual Checklist

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2012-01-27

Making memories last

2012-01-27

Trial by fire: A landscape-scale experiment in restoring Ozark glades

2012-01-27

Research on vitamins could lead to the design of novel drugs to combat malaria

2012-01-27

Biodiversity of Earth's Richest Plant Kingdom Under Fire

2012-01-27

A new stalked filter-feeder from the middle cambrian burgess shale, british columbia, Canada.

PubMed: "n sp"

A new stalked filter-feeder from the middle cambrian burgess shale, british columbia, Canada.

PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29233

Authors: O'Brien LJ, Caron JB

Abstract
Burgess Shale-type deposits provide invaluable insights into the early evolution of body plans and the ecological structure of Cambrian communities, but a number of species, continue to defy phylogenetic interpretations. Here we extend this list to include a new soft-bodied animal, Siphusauctum gregarium n. gen. and n. sp., from the Tulip Beds (Campsite Cliff Shale Member, Burgess Shale Formation) of Mount Stephen (Yoho National Park, British Columbia). With 1,133 specimens collected, S. gregarium is clearly the most abundant animal from this locality.This stalked animal (reaching at least 20 cm in length), has a large ovoid calyx connected to a narrow bilayered stem and a small flattened or bulb-like holdfast. The calyx is enclosed by a flexible sheath with six small openings at the base, and a central terminal anus near the top encircled by indistinct openings. A prominent organ, represented by six radially symmetrical segments with comb-like elements, surrounds an internal body cavity with a large stomach, conical median gut and straight intestine. Siphusauctum gregarium was probably an active filter-feeder, with water passing through the calyx openings, capturing food particles with its comb-like elements. It often occurs in large assemblages on single bedding planes suggesting a gregarious lifestyle, with the animal living in high tier clusters. These were probably buried en masse more or less in-situ by rapid mud flow events.Siphusauctum gregarium resembles Dinomischus, another Cambrian enigmatic stalked animal. Principal points of comparison include a long stem with a calyx containing a visceral mass and bract-like elements, and a similar lifestyle albeit occupying different tiering levels. The presence in both animals of a digestive tract with a potential stomach and anus suggest a grade of organization within bilaterians, but relationships with extant phyla are not straightforward. Thus, the broader affinities of S. gregarium remain largely unconstrained.

PMID: 22279532 [PubMed - in process]

Keywords: Dinomischus, Sica gregarium, Siphusauctum gregarium

2012-01-27

Scientists reveal how cholera bacterium gains a foothold in the gut

2012-01-27

MSU researchers show how new viruses evolve, and in some cases, become deadly

2012-01-27

MSU technology spin-out company to market portable biohazard detection

2012-01-27

Evolutionary Insights from Bat Trypanosomes: Morphological, Developmental and Phylogenetic Evidence of a New Species, Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) erneyi sp. nov., in African Bats Closely Related to Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi and Allied Species.

PubMed: "nov"

Protist. 2012 Jan 23;

Authors: Lima L, Silva FM, Neves L, Attias M, Takata CS, Campaner M, de Souza W, Hamilton PB, Teixeira MM

Abstract
Parasites of the genus Trypanosoma are common in bats and those of the subgenus Schizotrypanum are restricted to bats throughout the world, with the exception of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi that also infects other mammals and is restricted to the American Continent. We have characterized trypanosome isolates from Molossidae bats captured in Mozambique, Africa. Morphology and behaviour in culture, supported by phylogenetic inferences using SSU (small subunit) rRNA, gGAPDH (glycosomal glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and Cyt b (cytochrome b) genes, allowed to classify the isolates as a new Schizotrypanum species named Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) erneyi sp. nov. This is the first report of a Schizotrypanum species from African bats cultured, characterized morphologically and biologically, and positioned in phylogenetic trees. The unprecedented finding of a new species of the subgenus Schizotrypanum from Africa that is closest related to the America-restricted Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi marinkellei and T. cruzi provides new insights into the origin and evolutionary history of T. cruzi and closely related bat trypanosomes. Altogether, data from our study support the hypothesis of an ancestor trypanosome parasite of bats evolving to infect other mammals, even humans, and adapted to transmission by triatomine bugs in the evolutionary history of T. cruzi in the New World.

PMID: 22277804 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Keywords: Molossidae, Trypanosoma, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei, Trypanosomatidae

2012-01-27

Oceaniovalibus guishaninsula gen. nov., sp. nov., A Marine Bacterium of the Family Rhodobacteraceae.

2012-01-27

Tropicibacter phthalicus sp. nov., A Phthalate-Degrading Bacterium from Seawater.

2012-01-27

Vascular Contrast Enhanced Microâ€CT Imaging of â€œRadiatorsâ€ in the Brazilian Freeâ€Tailed Bat (Tadarida Brasiliensis)

2012-01-27

Elephants Have Relatively the Largest Cerebellum Size of Mammals

2012-01-27

'Archer': The new season is good for fans and newbies alike

2012-01-27

Jumping Spiders see clearly by blurring their vision

2012-01-27

Study Finds Virus to Be Fast Learner on Infecting

2012-01-27

Marine Mammals On the Menu in Many Parts of World

2012-01-27

World's giant trees are dying off rapidly, studies show

2012-01-27

Miracle Tree is Like a Supermarket

2012-01-27

Strange endangered primates you may have never heard of

2012-01-27

Supermom Primates Raise Twins

2012-01-27

3-D Vision for Tiny Eyes

2012-01-27

Nomascus leucogenys (Primates: Hylobatidae)

2012-01-27

Jumping Spiders' Unique Vision Revealed

2012-01-27

Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine does not modify plasma cytokines and chemokines or intracellular cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican Children

2012-01-27

Global transgenerational gene expression dynamics in two newly synthesized allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines

BMC Biology - Latest articles
	Background:Alteration in gene expression resulting from allopolyploidization is a prominent feature in plants, but its spectrum and extent are not fully known. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) was formed via allohexaploidization about 10,000 years ago, and became the most important crop plant. To gain further insights into the genome-wide transcriptional dynamics associated with the onset of common wheat formation, we conducted microarray-based genome-wide gene expression analysis on two newly synthesized allohexaploid wheat lines with chromosomal stability and a genome constitution analogous to that of the present-day common wheat.Results:Multi-color GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) was used to identify individual plants from two nascent allohexaploid wheat lines between Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = 28; genome BBAA) and Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14; genome DD), which had a stable chromosomal constitution analogous to that of common wheat (2n = 6x = 42; genome BBAADD). Genome-wide analysis of gene expression was performed for these allohexaploid lines along with their parental plants from T. turgidum and Ae. tauschii, using the Affymetrix Gene Chip Wheat Genome-Array. Comparison with the parental plants coupled with inclusion of empirical mid-parent values (MPVs) revealed that whereas the great majority of genes showed the expected parental additivity, two major patterns of alteration in gene expression in the allohexaploid lines were identified: parental dominance expression and non-additive expression. Genes involved in each of the two altered expression patterns could be classified into three distinct groups, stochastic, heritable and persistent, based on their transgenerational heritability and inter-line conservation. Strikingly, whereas both altered patterns of gene expression showed a propensity of inheritance, identity of the involved genes was highly stochastic, consistent with the involvement of diverse Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Nonetheless, those genes showing non-additive expression exhibited a significant enrichment for vesicle-function.Conclusions:Our results show that two patterns of global alteration in gene expression are conditioned by allohexaploidization in wheat, that is, parental dominance expression and non-additive expression. Both altered patterns of gene expression but not the identity of the genes involved are likely to play functional roles in stabilization and establishment of the newly formed allohexaploid plants, and hence, relevant to speciation and evolution of T. aestivum.
	Keywords: Aegilops tauschii, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum

2012-01-27

Jumping spiders use blurry vision to judge distance

2012-01-27

Viruses learn new tricks, in real time: my story in tomorrowâ€™s New York Times

Discover Magazine

Natural Selection Caught in the Act

2012-01-27

Quantification of Î³â€aminobutyric acid in the heads of houseflies (Musca domestica) and diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella (L.)), using capillary electrophoresis with laserâ€induced fluorescence detection

2012-01-27

Chemical fingerprint analysis of Fritillaria delavayi Franch. by highâ€performance liquid chromatography

2012-01-27

Early cystic fibrosis lung disease detected by bronchoalveolar lavage and lung clearance index

2012-01-27

Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome protein Cdc27 is a target for curcumin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

BMC Cancer - Latest articles
	Background:Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the yellow pigment in the Asian spice turmeric, is a hydrophobic polyphenol from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. Because of its chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential with no discernable side effects, it has become one of the major natural agents being developed for cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that curcumin induces cell death through activation of apoptotic pathways and inhibition of cell growth and proliferation. The mitotic checkpoint, or spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), is the major cell cycle control mechanism to delay the onset of anaphase during mitosis. One of the key regulators of the SAC is the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) which ubiquitinates cyclin B and securin and targets them for proteolysis. Because APC/C not only ensures cell cycle arrest upon spindle disruption but also promotes cell death in response to prolonged mitotic arrest, it has become an attractive drug target in cancer therapy.Methods:Cell cycle profiles were determined in control and curcumin-treated medulloblastoma and various other cancer cell lines. Pull-down assays were used to confirm curcumin binding. APC/C activity was determined using an in vitro APC activity assay.Results:We identified Cdc27/APC3, a component of the APC/C, as a novel molecular target of curcumin and showed that curcumin binds to and crosslinks Cdc27 to affect APC/C function. We further provide evidence that curcumin preferably induces apoptosis in cells expressing phosphorylated Cdc27 usually found in highly proliferating cells.Conclusions:We report that curcumin directly targets the SAC to induce apoptosis preferably in cells with high levels of phosphorylated Cdc27. Our studies provide a possible molecular mechanism why curcumin induces apoptosis preferentially in cancer cells and suggest that phosphorylation of Cdc27 could be used as a biomarker to predict the therapeutic response of cancer cells to curcumin.
	Keywords: Curcuma longa

2012-01-27

A genome triplication associated with early diversification of the core eudicots

2012-01-27

Cover Caption

Conservation Biology
	Cover: A poster of the Ivoryâ€billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) decorates the wall of a restaurant in Brinkley, Arkansas (U.S.A.). The town is located near where the bird was reportedly sighted in 2004, 60 years after its presumed extinction. Th ree papers in this issue present new methods to estimate whether species are extinct. On pages 47â€56, Gotelli et al. introduce a statistical method for estimating the probability of species persistence from the temporal sequence of collection dates of museum specimens. Application of the method to a case study of the Ivoryâ€billed Woodpecker suggests there is virtually no chance the species is currently extant within its historical range in the southeastern United States. On pages 180â€184, Solow et al. describe a Bayesian method that formally accounts for species records of uncertain validity. They used a recently published record of sightings of the Ivoryâ€billed Woodpecker to illustrate their method. Their results were consistent with the conclusion that the species is extinct, but did not provide a clear estimate of the time of extinction. On pages 57â€67, Fisher and Blomberg outline how to estimate the probability that species with few records or recent lastâ€sighting dates are extinct. Cover image Â© 2012 Joel Sartore.Photographer: During more than 20 years with the National Geographic Society, Joel Sartore (http://www.joelsartore.com) has covered topics from the Amazon rainforest to beerâ€drinking, mountainâ€racing. firefighters in the United Kingdom. His work focuses on endangered species, natural history, and land use. Joel's books include Photographing Your Family, Face to Face with Grizzlies, Nebraska: Under a Big Red Sky, RARE: Portraits of America's Endangered Species, and, most recently, Let's Be Reasonable. In addition to his work for National Geographic, Joel has completed assignments for Audubon Magazine, Time, Life, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated and has contributed to numerous book projects. Joel and his work have been the subject of several national broadcasts in the United States, including National Geographic's Explorer, NBC Nightly News, NPR's Weekend Edition, and an hourâ€long PBS documentary. He is a regular contributor to the CBS Sunday Morning Show.
	Keywords: Campephilus principalis

2012-01-27

Inadvertent AdvocacyDefensa Involuntaria

Conservation Biology
	Abstract:â€‚Policy advocacy is an issue regularly debated among conservation scientists. These debates have focused on intentional policy advocacy by scientists, but advocacy can also be unintentional. I define inadvertent policy advocacy as the act of unintentionally expressing personal policy preferences or ethical judgments in a way that is nearly indistinguishable from scientific judgments. A scientist may be well intentioned and intellectually honest but still inadvertently engage in policy advocacy. There are two ways to inadvertently engage in policy advocacy. First, a scientist expresses an opinion that she or he believes is a scientific judgment but it is actually an ethical judgment or personal policy preference. Second, a scientist expresses an opinion that he or she knows is an ethical judgment or personal policy preference but inadvertently fails to effectively communicate the nature of the opinion to policy makers or the public. I illustrate inadvertent advocacy with three examples: recovery criteria in recovery plans for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, a scientific peer review of a recovery plan for the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), and the International Union for Conservation of Nature's definition of threatened. In each example, scientists expressed ethical judgments or policy preferences, but their value judgments were not identified as such, and, hence, their value judgments were opaque to policy makers and the public. Circumstances suggest their advocacy was inadvertent. I believe conservation scientists must become acutely aware of the line between science and policy and avoid inadvertent policy advocacy because it is professional negligence, erodes trust in scientists and science, and perpetuates an ethical vacuum that undermines the rational political discourse necessary for the evolution of society's values. The principal remedy for inadvertent advocacy is education of conservation scientists in an effort to help them understand how science and values interact to fulfill the mission of conservation science.Resumen:â€‚La defensa de polÃticas es un tema debatido regularmente por cientÃficos de la conservaciÃ³n. Estos debates se han centrado en la defensa intencional de polÃticas por parte de cientÃficos, pero la defensa tambiÃ©n puede ser no intencional. Defino la defensa involuntaria como el acto de expresar involuntariamente preferencias polÃticas o juicios Ã©ticos en una manera que es casi indistinguible de juicios cientÃficos. Aunque un cientÃfico sea bien intencionado e intelectualmente honesto puede involucrarse involuntariamente en la defensa de polÃticas. Hay dos formas de involucrarse involuntariamente en la defensa de polÃticas. Primera, un cientÃfico expresa una opiniÃ³n que el o ella considera como un juicio cientÃfico, pero en realidad es un juicio Ã©tico o una preferencia polÃtica personal. Segunda, un cientÃfico expresa una opiniÃ³n que el o ella sabe que es un juicio Ã©tico o una preferencia polÃtica personal pero involuntariamente falla en comunicar efectivamente la naturaleza de la opiniÃ³n a los polÃticos o al pÃºblico. Ilustro la defensa involuntaria con tres ejemplos: criterios de recuperaciÃ³n en planes de recuperaciÃ³n para especies enlistadas en el Acta de Especies en Peligro de E. U. A., una revisiÃ³n por pares cientÃficos de un plan de recuperaciÃ³n para el BÃºho Manchado NorteÃ±o (Strix occidentalis caurina), y la definiciÃ³n de amenazado de la UniÃ³n Internacional para la ConservaciÃ³n de la Naturaleza. En cada ejemplo, los cientÃficos expresaron juicios Ã©ticos o preferencias polÃticas, pero sus juicios de valor no fueron identificados como tales, y, por lo tanto, sus juicos de valor fueron opacos para los polÃticos y el pÃºblico. Las circunstancias sugieren que su defensa fue involuntaria. Considero que los cientÃficos de la conservaciÃ³n deben estar perfectamente conscientes de la lÃnea entre la ciencia y la polÃtica y evitar la defensa polÃtica involuntaria porque refleja negligencia profesional, erosiona la confianza en los cientÃficos y la ciencia y perpetÃºa un vacÃo Ã©tico que socava el discurso polÃtico racional necesario para la evoluciÃ³n de los valores de la sociedad. El principal remedio para la defensa involuntaria es la educar a los cientÃficos de la conservaciÃ³n en un esfuerzo para ayudarles a comprender como interactÃºan la ciencia y los valores para cumplir la misiÃ³n de la ciencia de la conservaciÃ³n.
	Keywords: Strix occidentalis caurina

2012-01-27

Strain specific transcriptional response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages

Cell Communication and Signaling - Latest articles
	Background:Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb remains a significant health problem worldwide with a third of the world population infected and nearly nine million new cases claiming 1.1 million deaths every year. The outcome following infection by Mtb is determined by a complex and dynamic host-pathogen interaction in which the phenotype of the pathogen and the immune status of the host play a role. However, the molecular mechanism by which Mtb strains induce different responses during intracellular infection of the host macrophage is not fully understood. To explore the early molecular events triggered upon Mtb infection of macrophages, we studied the transcriptional responses of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) to infection with two clinical Mtb strains, CDC1551 and HN878. These strains have previously been shown to differ in their virulence/immunogenicity in the mouse and rabbit models of pulmonary TB.Results:In spite of similar intracellular growth rates, we observed that compared to HN878, infection by CDC1551 of BMM was associated with an increased global transcriptome, up-regulation of a specific early (6 hours) immune response network and significantly elevated nitric oxide production. In contrast, at 24 hours post-infection of BMM by HN878, more host genes involved in lipid metabolism, including cholesterol metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis were up-regulated, compared to infection with CDC1551.In association with the differences in the macrophage responses to infection with the 2 Mtb strains, intracellular CDC1551 expressed higher levels of stress response genes than did HN878.Conclusions:In association with the early and more robust macrophage activation, intracellular CDC1551 cells were exposed to a higher level of stress leading to increased up-regulation of the bacterial stress response genes. In contrast, sub-optimal activation of macrophages and induction of a deregulated host cell lipid metabolism favored a less stressful intracellular environment for HN878. Our findings suggest that the ability of CDC1551 and HN878 to differentially activate macrophages during infection probably determines their ability to either resist host cell immunity and progress to active disease or to succumb to the host protective responses and be driven into a non-replicating latent state in rabbit lungs.
	Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2012-01-27

The occurrence of Chlamydia spp. in pigs with and without clinical disease

2012-01-27

Aggregation of the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana with Respect to Sex and Spawning Condition

2012-01-27

Parasites of Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa Linnaeus, 1758) from the Straits of Malacca

2012-01-27

Production and Marketing Trends of the Cultured Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck 1819, in Greece

2012-01-27

Combined Effects of Dissolved Oxygen and Salinity on Growth and Body Composition of Juvenile Green-Lipped Mussel Perna viridis

2012-01-27

Gonad Atrophy Caused by Disseminated Neoplasia in Mytilus chilensis Cultured in the Beagle Channel, Tierra Del Fuego Province, Argentina

2012-01-27

Physiological, Pathological, and Defense Alterations in Manila Clams (Short-Neck Clams), Ruditapes philippinarum, Induced by Heterocapsa circularisquama

2012-01-27

Evaluation of Juvenile and Adult Mortality Dynamics in the Fingernail Clam Musculium argentinum (D'Orbigny, 1835) (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae)

2012-01-27

Reproductive Cycles in Atlantic and Mediterranean Populations of Venus nux Gmelin, 1791 (Bivalvia: Veneridae), from Southern Spain

2012-01-27

Evaluation of Three Northern Quahog (=Hard Clam) Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus) Strains Grown in Massachusetts and New Jersey for QPX-Resistance

2012-01-27

Occurrence of Brown Ring Disease in Carpet Shell Clams Ruditapes decussatus from the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, Central Mediterranean Sea)

2012-01-27

Quantification of Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) Larvae Based on SYBR Green Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

2012-01-27

Bedload Transport of Newly-Settled Juveniles of the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum Observed in situ at Banzu Tidal Flat, Tokyo Bay

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8)	Pseudomonas aeruginosa
9)	Glycine max
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